Manufacturing Systems Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd

Question: Examine about the Manufacturing Systems for Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. Answer: Presentation According to the subtleties given for the situation study, the Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd set up in 2008, structure and production specially crafted fabricate cupboard answers for the kitchen. Gradually the interest of the items fabricated by the organization expanded consistently. The proprietors empowered Fung and Mei Chen, from that point extended the activities wearing different jobs themselves in the organization. The rising interest was acknowledged by the organization by assembling high caliber however normalized kitchen cupboards rather than specially designed for every client independently. However, the overall revenue is higher in the uniquely crafted kitchen cupboard than that in the set standard ones, along these lines the proprietors of the organization give it higher need. The organization has just one assembling unit in Mulgrave. This unit is furnished with machines which have adaptability to assemble both the standard just as uniquely designed kitchen cupboards. On a ccount of gigantic increment in the interest for the organization items, the assembling unit was confronting elite weight. With an expansion in the interest, there was more weight on the assembling office. The proprietors saw that the cost identified with the line of standard manufacturers was expanding. This makes a higher capital aggregate be tied up in the stock of crude materials, work in process and the completed merchandise (Wang Disney, 2015). The prime objective of this report is to break down and investigate and current condition of activities of Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. The current creation framework utilized in the organization by Fung and Mei Chen would be examined. Additionally the effect of the utilization of new developers line of kitchen cupboard on the item tasks is concentrated in the current article. The budgetary ramifications of moving to creation of developers line of kitchens on the accounting report of Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd is likewise considered in this exposition. Examination of the present creation and procedures According to the subtleties given for the situation study, the Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd was established as a little scope organization with just one assembling office at Mulgrave. In this manner, when there was enormous development in the market interest for the organization items, it got hard for it to oversee them. It is likewise evident that the organization can't arrive at the harmony in dealing with the requests of standard and specially crafted kitchen cupboards. This is the prime explanation behind the higher lead times for either kind of items made by the organization. The current creation game plan of the organization is somewhat straightforward regarding the systems. There is just one assembling unit possessed by the organization in Mulgrave. This unit is furnished with machines which have adaptability to construct both the standard just as hand crafted kitchen cupboards. The design of the creation unit has various spaces with related gear amassed together. While one segment has cutting tables and saws, shapers and switches structure another area. There is a different zone given for the machines and machines which are utilized less oftentimes. For assembling standard just as the hand crafted cupboards the organization has regular expert or representatives. In this way in the current activity framework the work booking is accomplished for assembling standard and custom form kitchen cupboards (He, Zhang, Li, 2014). Since there is higher net revenue in the uniquely crafted kitchen cupboards, they will in general get inclination in the work routine m ethodology. This causes negative impact on the lead time of the cupboards made in standard arrangement. The impact of the new developers kitchen line on Hawkesbury Cabinets tasks At the point when the organization started to concentrate on obliging the new developers kitchen line, genuine issues started to surface in its operational procedures. In spite of the fact that the organization deals were acceptable in the hand crafted kitchen cupboard portion, yet in the wake of detecting the market openings accessible in the standard kitchen cupboard section, the proprietors of the organization began producing it. One of the principle issue was that the organization just makes them fabricate unit that produces both standard just as specially constructed cupboards. The operational line or the technique for both the items was likewise the equivalent. The items were delivered based on work planning for a specific booking calculation way. The needs in this framework depends on the accomplishment of higher overall revenues (ElMaraghy, AlGeddawy, Samy, Espinoza, 2014). Along these lines the prime issue with the activities of the organization is that it can't arrive at th e harmony in dealing with the requests of standard and uniquely crafted kitchen cupboards. This issue brings about higher lead times for both standard just as exceptionally constructed cupboards (Hameri, 2011). Besides, in this operational procedure game plan, the custom cupboards will in general get higher inclination as they give higher overall revenues, hence influencing the benefit and lead time for the standard cupboards. The impact the transition to delivering developers kitchens may have on the companys monetary structure The accentuation on the creation of new manufacturer line kitchen cupboards could be certain or negative on the money related structure of the organization. So as to develop and extend the organization this choice is a decent and consistent one (Thamhain, 2013). All things considered, the proprietors, Fung and Mei Chen need to center to deal with the dangers and obstructions. They ought to likewise recognize that the main assembling unit of the organization is as of now under tension of expanding request and working in its full limit. Accordingly, further work over-burdening could have exceptionally negative effect on the quality, conveyance just as cost of the items (Falck, rtengren, Hgberg, 2009). With the start of new product offering, the transient money related effect could be negative as the organization needs to make interests in the underlying stages. By and by, over the long haul, organization can accomplish more prominent benefits from its new product offering. The organiza tion needs to create proper administration techniques and guarantee that it takes cares of all the positive and negative impacts of the development. Likewise it needs to guarantee that the workers are furnished with satisfactory aptitudes to deal with the assembling procedure of the new product offering. At the point when the flexibly chain and operational issues are overseen successfully the developers line kitchen cupboards would demonstrate gainful to the organization in the coming future (Tompkins et al., 2002). The harmony between the two kinds of product offerings would empower the organization to rise as a market chief in the Australian market. End It very well may be presumed that the effect of the new developers kitchen line items on the tasks and funds of the Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd relies upon the fitting procedures and arranging by the proprietors. Since the main assembling unit of the organization is as of now over-burden with the work, bringing about negative impacts, for example, higher lead time for the standard cupboards and more prominent tasks cost (Hajmohammad, Vachon, Klassen, Gavronski, 2013). Additionally the harmony between the activity planning for assembling of standard and uniquely crafted bureau is critically required by the organization to deal with the current operational issues. It could be recommended that considering two particular creation lines for assembling the norm and custom items independently. References ElMaraghy, H., AlGeddawy, T., Samy, S. N., Espinoza, V. (2014). A model for surveying the design basic unpredictability of assembling frameworks. Diary of Manufacturing Systems, 33(1), 5164. Falck, A.- C., Ortengren, R., Hgberg, D. (2009). The effect of poor get together ergonomics on item quality: A money saving advantage examination in vehicle fabricating. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries, 20(1), 2441. Hajmohammad, S., Vachon, S., Klassen, R. D., Gavronski, I. (2013). Lean administration and gracefully the board: Their job in green practices and execution. Diary of Cleaner Production, 39, 312320. Hameri, A.- P. (2011). Creation stream analysisCases from assembling and administration industry. Worldwide Journal of Production Economics, 129(2), 233241. He, N., Zhang, D. Z., Li, Q. (2014). Operator based progressive creation arranging and planning for specially make fabricating framework. Universal Journal of Production Economics, 149, 117130. Thamhain, H. (2013). Overseeing dangers in complex tasks. Task Management Journal, 44(2), 2035. Tompkins, J. A., White, J. A., Bozer, Y. A., Frazelle, E. H., Tanchoco, J. M. A., Trevino, J. (2002). Offices arranging (second ed.). New York, NY: J. Wiley and Sons. Wang, X., Disney, S. M. (2015). The bullwhip impact: Progress, patterns and headings. European Journal of Operational Research

Free Essays on Sir Launcelots Adventures

Sir Launcelot’s first experience was his experience with four sovereigns. While Launcelot was resting under an apple tree four sovereigns discovered him. They put a spell on him and took him to their château. In the wake of telling the sovereigns that he would not pick any of them to be his better half they put him in a cell as a detainee. During the night a youthful aristocrat came and inquire as to whether he would battle with her dad, King Bagdemagus. She let him know whether he did that she would discharge him. As guaranteed she came and discharged him at sunrise the following day. During this entire time as a detainee Sir Launcelot regarded the four sovereigns and was well mannered. He observed each standard to the Code of Chivalry. Another colossal experience was a fight between Sir Tarquine and himself. He battled to safeguard the knights the Sir Tarquine had taken detainees. The greater part of these men were from Camelot. The fight between them took hours since they were both solid and talented knights. Sooner or later Sir Tarquine became black out and brought down his shield. Launcelot took his cap of and executed him. Launcelot murdered the insidious Knight and saved the entirety of the knights that were kept detainees. This was most diffrently a positive demonstration of Chivalry. The last experience Sir Launcelot was at the Round Table in an opposition. He was to battle for King Bagdemagus. He put on protection that hidden him from his actual character. He won ever fight that he was in. Indeed, even Sir Launcelot was carrying out something worth being thankful for to help the noblewoman’s father he still wasn’t following the Code Chivalry totally. He deceived others to think he was another person. He likewise wasn’t being faithful to King Arthur since he was battling for another King. So out of the considerable number of experiences Sir Launcelot took, this one is sketchy on following the Code of Chivalry.... Free Essays on Sir Launcelots Adventures Free Essays on Sir Launcelots Adventures Sir Launcelot’s first experience was his experience with four sovereigns. While Launcelot was resting under an apple tree four sovereigns discovered him. They put a spell on him and took him to their manor. Subsequent to telling the sovereigns that he would not pick any of them to be his better half they put him in a cell as a detainee. During the night a youthful aristocrat came and inquire as to whether he would battle with her dad, King Bagdemagus. She let him know whether he did that she would discharge him. As guaranteed she came and discharged him at first light the following day. During this entire time as a detainee Sir Launcelot regarded the four sovereigns and was considerate. He observed each standard to the Code of Chivalry. Another gigantic experience was a fight between Sir Tarquine and himself. He battled to safeguard the knights the Sir Tarquine had taken detainees. The vast majority of these men were from Camelot. The fight between them took hours since they were both solid and talented knights. Sooner or later Sir Tarquine became black out and brought down his shield. Launcelot took his protective cap of and decapitated him. Launcelot executed the malevolent Knight and protected the entirety of the knights that were kept detainees. This was most diffrently a positive demonstration of Chivalry. The last experience Sir Launcelot was at the Round Table in an opposition. He was to battle for King Bagdemagus. He put on covering that hidden him from his actual personality. He won ever fight that he was in. Indeed, even Sir Launcelot was carrying out something to be thankful for to help the noblewoman’s father he still wasn’t following the Code Chivalry totally. He deceived others to think he was another person. He additionally wasn’t being faithful to King Arthur since he was battling for another King. So out of the considerable number of undertakings Sir Launcelot took, this one is flawed on following the Code of Chivalry....

Why Do Young People Commit Murder

Why Do Young People Commit Murder Basics Print Why Do Young People Commit Murder? By Leonard Holmes Updated on January 15, 2020 Tetra Images / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Increasingly in recent years Americans and others around the world have been faced with what appear to be senseless mass murders. Often, both the victims and perpetrators of such murders are teenagers. Why would high school students murder their classmates and teachers? What do such events say about our society? Factors That Increase the Likelihood of Someone Committing Murder Even before the April 1999 events at Columbine High School, the American Psychological Association (APA) and MTV had joined forces to develop a campaign to stop youth violence. The APA Website includes materials developed from this campaign. Drawing from this material and other sources, here are some factors that contribute to the current climate of violence. Availability of Guns in the U.S.: The United States has some of the most liberal gun laws in the world. While events like this have happened in other countries, only in America are the weapons easily available in quantity.Availability of Information on Explosives on the Internet: The Internet allows information to come into our living rooms that was once very difficult to obtain. We have always been able to go to the library and find some of this material. Today, volumes of it are available in your home at the touch of a button. Some of the Online material is more detailed than anything youd find at the library.Breakdown of the Nuclear Family: Rising divorce rates and the blending of families make it more difficult for children to have good role models for conflict resolution.  Children learn from what they see, not what they hear.Violence on Television and in Movies: How many murders have you witnessed this week? If youve watched more than a few hours of television you have probably seen several. Violence adds excitement and increases ratings, but it also demonstrates behaviors that teenagers like to imitate.Absence of a Moral Compass: In past generations the church and synagogue were important influences on children and youth.  Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts included moral values at the core of their teaching.  While these influences are still here, they are not a part of the lives of many teens.Women Joining Men in the Workforce: With both parents working in most families children have a much greater amount of unsupervised time than in the past. While most latchkey teenagers do not build bombs, decreased parental involvement and supervision is one thing that allows things like this to happen.Breakdown of Neighborhoods and Communities: When I grew up we knew almost everyone on our street. It seemed like there was much more time for leisure activities and socializing. Today I know some of my neighbors, and I wave to others that I dont know. Then I retreat to my ow n house and yard to relax and unwind. Teenagers who feel connected with others in their community are less likely to act out their anger in destructive ways.Natural Tendency for Teens to Form Groups and Cliques: Most of us remember the pecking order in high school and Columbine High School sounds typical. The jocks were popular because of their celebrity on the playing field, and some students were teased for being on the fringe. The outcast teens of my day were the nerds in the audiovisual club and the students who dressed funny and did drugs. There was racial tension in my high school, but the tension between the different groups rarely erupted into violence. When it did fists were the weapon of choice.Healthy Teen Rebellion Getting out of Hand: One of the developmental tasks of the teenage years is to become your own person, partly through rebellion against your parents.    As a parent it is often difficult to know when this rebellion is normal and when it has gotten out-of-hand.  Keep the lines of communication open with your teenager.  Consider family therapy if communication stops entirely during this period. What Can Be Done to Curb Violence Perpetrated by Young People? Obviously some of these factors are easier to influence than others.    Most families with two incomes need both of those incomes.  Teens will always form cliques and they will always rebel.  One of the most important things that you, as a parent, can do is to talk with your teenager.  Avoid lecturing, and be sure to listen to them at least as much as you talk.   Younger children should be encouraged to be involved in organizations that aim to develop a sense of right and wrong.  Avoid leaving children or teens unsupervised for long periods of time every day.  Supervise their Internet access and continue to involve them in family activities and family vacations. Other solutions may take more than just parents.  Communities can increase their offerings of recreational activities. Empty school buildings can be used to offer evening and weekend events.  Churches can re-think their youth programs and offer activities that are interesting and meaningful to teenagers.

The Top 10 Candidates for De-Extinction

Observations on Property in Robinson Crusoe and Second...

Observations on Property in Robinson Crusoe and Second Treatise People have been fighting over land and possessions since Adam and Eve left the Garden of Eden. But what actually constitutes the ownership of property? In the eighteenth century John Locke and Daniel Defoe addressed this question. In his Second Treatise, Locke defends the rights of people to property and he explains the basis for obtaining and maintaining dominion over it. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe suggests a definition of property that concurs in part with Lockes, which indicates that people can claim ownership of property when they have added their labor to some part of it. In addition, Locke stipulates, according to principles of the rational use of†¦show more content†¦There is a serious question as to whether any of his claims can be justified, at least in accordance with Lockean views. Defoe does seem, at least in part, to agree with such views. This seems appropriate since both men lived during an era when the economy was changing so quickly that the issue of propert y was often debated. However, Defoe seems to take possessiveness, ownership, and dominion or power through ownership even further than Locke does. While both men held similar views on property, the influences on them were different. A predominant influence on Locke was that, from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth century, the last vestiges of feudalism were disappearing and capitalism was beginning to develop. Despite the gradual move toward industrialism, agriculture was still the occupation of the majority. Land was beginning to be viewed by many as a capital investment for profit making. It was viewed also as an indication of social position and political power (Wood 16). Locke shared these views and felt that land was the key to a viable social order, serving not only as a source of food but also as a supplier of raw materials necessary for the system of domestic and foreign commerce. While he defended the principle of self-preservation, he argued that the fundamental law of nature is the preservation of society, which takes precedence over self-preservation. Locke thought that government has the right and the du ty

Self Evaluation for Decision Making Free Essays

From: Kayayetta Dukes To: Lana Lincoln Subject: Self Evaluation January 17th 2012 Dear Mrs. Lincoln, Here is my yearly self-evaluation report about the managerial decisions I have made regarding the restaurant’s employee retention issues we face. As we have previously discussed at meetings our employee retention ratio to turnover is fairly poor for a restaurant. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Evaluation for Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think many establishments face this challenge of retaining good employees and there are several reasons that are to blame for the high ratio. I feel if we didn’t implement these criteria it would snowball and grow into bigger problems so it seemed a no brainer to waste no time in starting this makeover. I’ve come up with a game plan to drastically reduce our turnover rate so we can focus on other issues that warrant our attention in the process of making the restaurant number 1 in all aspects possible. Our major issue at the restaurant is that our employee retention rate is around 15% which leaves our turnover rate at an out of control 85%. With most of our employees being constantly replaced its hard for our staff to have a sense of cohesion, team pride, and stability. My criteria with this challenge was to create a sense of loyalty with the staff, make them feel like they are a part of a big family; show them that this job can be a long-term career and that we want to promote from within. Weighing these criteria helps me figure which are most important in reaching our overall goal of reducing our turnover rate. The numeric value of 5 will count as most vital in accomplishing our goal and 1 will represent the criteria that can be put on the back burner until the 5’s are implemented and in force. Communicate managements’ goal to promote from within 5 * Reward full-time and part-time employees for length of service 1 * Team-building exercises once a month 1 * Create an employee suggestion box 5 * Revamp scheduling to create more convenience 5 Although I feel strongly about my above solutions I’ve created a few alternatives that could possibly work just as well. My first alternative idea would be to mandate training classes for al l employees. This plan would include training on customer service skills, teamwork strategies, and personal growth. Another alternative would be to mandate employee events to reward good service and promote togetherness. My final solution would be to crack down on the team with serious consequences for being late, missing shifts, or receiving customer complaints. This method would consist of writing repeat offenders up and firing them after so many to show we want to employ and keep worthy employees and we will not tolerate less. To rate these alternatives I used a score of 10 for the best and a 5 for the ones that I have reservations about. * Mandated training classes for all employees. 10 Mandated after work employee events to promote team cohesion. 5 * Rid the restaurant of employees who aren’t doing a good job. 5 I carefully considered these alternatives before making the optimal decision of sticking with the original plan plus including the first alternative to have a fail proof way of getting a serious hold on our retention rate. I did encounter problems completing the challenge thoug h. This included resistance from employees who were reluctant with accepting change. Also we had issues with scheduling for additional trainings and after work events to work on team cohesion. I overcame these hurdles by making the trainings available more days to accomidate more employees without conflict, we created the suggestion box and also are now taking a majority vote for the monthly reward meeting in which we will have an open forum about issues that have risen in the previous month as well as to cover progress and future expectations. In conclusion, this project has been widely successful in just these few short months. Our team is working more cohesively and taking teamwork to a whole other level. The suggestion box has been filling up and we have been addressing concerns of our employees which have made them feel their opinion is not only important but wanted. This in return is creating more loyal enthusiastic and eager workers whom are giving great customer service to our guests. I hope you are as satisfied as I am in the team and see the overall difference and growth. Sincerely Floor Manager Kay Dukes Reference: Bazerman, M. H. , Moore, D. A. (2010). Judgment in Managerial decision making (6th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. How to cite Self Evaluation for Decision Making, Papers

The Two Classes of Eugenics and Their Effects to the Society

Scientifically, the genetic constitution of a person authenticates his/her personal trait or character. Similarly, the characteristics of a domestic animal are crucial in the agricultural sector. Genetic experts work tirelessly to produce animals with high milk content, wool, or quality meat among others.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Two Classes of Eugenics and Their Effects to the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, the society coined the term eugenic, which means selective reproduction of desired traits in a person. Categorically, positive eugenic is the promotion or retention of hereditary characteristics, which everybody yearns for, while negative eugenics call for the abolishment of people with unwanted traits. The practice of eugenics produces a quality, intelligent, and healthy population even in the agricultural sector. Most professionals like sociologist, physicians, ec onomists, and demographic experts advocate for eugenics. However, what is the moral and ethical implication of the practice? The following discussion expounds the two classes of eugenics highlighting their effects to the society. According to the advocates of the positive eugenics, eugenic retains good heritable traits in the human species by encouraging reproduction among groups (Curell and Cogdell 203). Encouraging positive eugenic was to make sure that, only physically, mentally, and psychologically fit people intermarried. Consequently, there was an assumption that the offspring would have the parental traits (hereditary). An example of positive eugenics is whereby only men and women with distinct, attractive features like hair and eyes have the right to reproduce. Unfortunately, the people with the so-called desirable traits may have recessive genes, which become dominant later in their lineage. According to Watson, mapping a human genome is not an easy task as the society thin ks (202). Mutations and environment are some of the aspects, which may alter a desired gene. Therefore, a critical assessment of personal genes and family history or hereditary traits is the main process of promoting a healthy population. The major aim of positive eugenics was to increase the size of a quality population or the human race. The use of sophisticated reproduction measures makes sure only couples with specific traits breed. Inspiration talks, voluntary measures, campaigns, and shows to display the desired human traits are some of the methods applied to promote positive eugenics.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, there are restrictions, reproduction rights against couples who have physical disabilities like dwarfism, and health defects like sickle cell (Dikotter â€Å"Imperfect Conceptions† 200). In addition, social traits like homose xuality, criminals, and rapist have to become extinct. The most debatable issue in positive eugenic is about racial discrimination whereby Romans and Jews had to stop reproduction. However, although abolition of diseases through eugenic seems sensible, discriminating of physically disabled people is against humanity. Some of the physical disabilities occur because of environment and not genetics; therefore, the disabilities may recur in healthy people. Secondly, the need to extinguish given races promotes racism, which is a vice the world is fighting to abolish. On the contrary, negative eugenic is to deter reproduction among people who are unfit. Eventually, through selective breeding the human race would consist of people with quality characters. Health wise, negative eugenics is supposedly right. Nevertheless, discriminating physically challenged and races is unsocial and unethical (Dikotter â€Å"The Discourse of Race† 50). Traditionally, negative eugenic has been in prac tice for a long time. Parents had to watch and select spouses for their children while young men and women aspiring to marry shunned their counterparts with any form of disabilities. Sometimes infants with genetic disabilities either were outcasts or killed to prevent the continuation of a lineage with ‘bad genes’. The process of negative eugenic can also be through carrying out abortions on the victims supposedly having deleterious genes, or application of sterilization techniques to deter them from reproducing. Restriction of incest relationships or marriages makes sure that a family with genetic problems becomes extinct. Hybrid populations or relationships produce quality and healthy off springs. Socially, eugenic promotes superiority of one race or a group of people over the others (Henslin 200). Negative eugenic leads to intimidation of people especially the handicapped or the sick ones. Although economics assert that positive eugenic saves medical and social expen ses in the community, denying people their reproduction is morally wrong. Sincerely, how will a person, an institution, or government rule out that a given person, race, or trait is better in relation to the other? Psychological trauma is among the major impact an individual experiencing negative eugenic will undergo. Morally, it is against humanity because nobody wishes to be born with or from a family with hereditary defect. Furthermore, negative eugenic does not efficiently watch or lower the level of recessive genes. Thus, the process is slower at eliminating them.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Two Classes of Eugenics and Their Effects to the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the contemporary world, medical experts promote positive eugenics from the lab. Advanced technologies in the medical industries and other sectors related to it, have enhanced positive application of eugenics to cut down on the level of human population genetic defects without violating the rights of the people involved. For instance, the unborn child can undergo screening whereby any physical defect detected may prompt for an abortion. Terminating the fetus ensures no children with genetic defects are born. Secondly, physicians can screen couples through laboratory testing for many hereditary conditions and so, they will assure them if the child will be healthy or not. Thirdly, medical experts rely on eugenics to balance gender in countries like China where men are higher as compared to women. Fourthly, surrogacy is a common practice in the current society. However, before the implantation in the uterus both the donor’s sperms and the surrogate mother undergo analysis of any inheritable trait that might affect the health of the child. Diseases like colonic cancer, breast cancer, Alzheimer, are inheritable. Therefore, donor sperms with the least of negative traits cut the risk of the child suffering from any of the aforementioned diseases. On the other hand, ethicists and eugenicist oppose the application of eugenic in the elimination of the human race because it is against civil or human rights. Morally, eugenics leads to inequality whereby couples choose the gender and trait of their children. There is no society, which can produce perfect people. Socially, a balanced community consists of people with all way of traits including the physical presentation. Government or an institutional coercing person to alter their reproduction health for a perfect population is demeaning. Sadly, the coerced people are not part of the perfect human race, yet they contribute to its establishment. Occasionally, couples with inheritable conditions may produce a healthy child while the vice versa is true. Nature and environment profoundly contribute to the behavior and physical well-being of a person. Therefore, a perfect population free of crimes, diseases and other appropriate social elements can never exist. Social stigma may occur among people who the government perceives as having the undesired traits. The major result of perceiving a specified trait as superior is the adjustment of the medical sector to correct the so-called ‘defects’. The breasts, buttocks, hips, and nose are some of the physical parts, which push people to undergo cosmetic surgery. Unfortunately, the pursuit of perfection leads to not only deformation but also to death of some of the people who happen to go for the surgeries. If the society would appreciate every physical feature as unique, then we would not have the above problems.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In brief, except in a few cases like the application of eugenics to eliminate a specific social group, eugenicist had devoted intention in promoting the practice. The aspect of eliminating a population with genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis was to make sure the population consists only of healthy people. The practice was exemplary in terms of economy and health sector because it decreases cases of health problems and saves the taxpayer from funding the research on how to cure diseases. Positive eugenic promotes pride, and superiority, of the advantaged people, over the disadvantaged group. Ethically, the alteration of reproduction health of the people who have physical defects or those who are lesbians, homosexuals, or gypsies is against their human rights. Morally, the coercion of people to adopt certain human traits as better than others is wrong. Historically, Hitler is the renowned leader who advocated for eugenics among his subjects. Contemporarily, medical experts practice eugenics either knowingly or unknowingly. Medical practices like ultrasound make sure that the child in the womb has no physical disabilities, while women who undergo sperm implantation need a donor who is free from any genetic disorders. Works Cited Curell, Susan, and Cogdell, Christina. Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and  American Mass Culture in the 1930s. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006. Dikotter, Frank. Imperfect Conceptions: Medical Knowledge, Birth Defects, and  Eugenics in China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Dikotter, Frank. The Discourse of Race in Modern China. London: Stanford University Press, 1992. Henslin, James. Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2009. Watson, James. A Passion for DNA: Genes, Genomes, and Society. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2000. This research paper on The Two Classes of Eugenics and Their Effects to the Society was written and submitted by user Gary Shelton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Importance of International Nursing Experiences

The Importance of International Nursing Experiences International Nursing Experiences are a great way to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation for the nursing field and how it’s applied in different cultures and environments and there is a strong need for nurses in underdeveloped countries so participating in such an experience fills an important void. While having a thorough understanding of medicine and its effect on the human body is importing in nursing, so is applying it to the wide variety of experiences that different people go through. It can be an enriching experience for anybody who partakes, in fact, research has shown that nurses who study abroad come back to their homes with increased confidence and great sense of cultural competence, so it is greatly beneficial to nurses of all levels who hope to improve their skills within the profession.Below are some of the many benefits to an international nursing experience.Understanding How One’s Environment Affects Their HealthTraveling internationally to volu nteer in hospitals or homes is arguably the best way to learn about how different environments affect our health and the quality of care available in less-developed areas.While nurses and patients in the western world have ample supply of basic human rights like access to clean water sources and sanitation equipment, those in less developed parts of the world are not always so fortunate. Creating that visual connection and shaking the hands of those who live in it can greatly enhance a person’s appreciation for the tools and experiences they typically have at home and their advantages in the health field.Additionally, as their understanding grows, and they are made aware of the conditions in which other people are living, they can better understand how to treat illnesses common to the area. For example, people who predominantly use wood burning stones might have difficulty with their respiratory health, and seeing that in person will assist nurses and encourage them to consid er these types of environmental factors when treating patients.Awareness of Region-Specific Health ConditionsAs touched on above, getting an honest, true look at the environments that others live in serves of great importance in understanding how some health conditions arise. Many diseases and illnesses are region-specific, and while it is possible to learn about them from home, it is much more effective to see them first hand.Nurses who travel frequently will end up with a much more extensive library of region-specific conditions and illnesses than one who doesn’t, and they’ll be better prepared to treat patients with those diseases given their first-hand experience. This is greatly tied to learning about region-specific medicines and natural-plant remedies used by the region’s residents.By meeting with local residents and learning about their cultures, nurses can gain valuable insight to effective natural remedies that thrive the region’s unique ecosyst em, and gain a better understanding of medicines and treatments that are already showing some promise.Cultural AwarenessThe diverse cultures of the world make streamlining medical treatments challenging for nurses, and even more so when they lack awareness of the differences between various cultures. Without a thorough understanding of a patient’s culture, nurses may not be able to fully or competently care for them.Some of the factors worth considering when discussing competent care include language and dietary preferences and even cultural beliefs. There may even be something physically different in some cultures genetic makeup which would be resistant to westernized pharmaceuticals, so an increased understanding in culture can go a long way in enhancing patient care. Through international nursing experiences, cultural appreciation is broadened and developed thereby creating more empathetic nurses with a better sense of judgement.Additionally, nursing abroad encourages nurs es to learn new languages which then bridges the communication gap and reduces the risk of improperly caring for a patient or offering them a treatment option that may be further destructive to their health.Sensitivity TrainingMany nurses feel more comfortable treating patients of the same culture because they’re more familiar with the types of communication they use and the level of care they are used to.By training nurses to better assess and evaluate treatment plans to meet the needs of people of all walks of life, they are able to better create their action plans for care.Many newly graduated nursing studies have said that they don’t feel prepared to meet multicultural demands after completing their formal education, so diving into an international nursing program is a great way to prepare them for the diverse patient group they will be caring for in the future.What Is Gained from an International Nursing ExperienceAside from getting the opportunity to get out of t heir comfort zones and exploring a new part of the world, international nursing experiences greatly assist in developing highly qualified, well informed nurses and encourages them to further develop their skills and learning.By the time a nurse has completed an international nursing experience, they will have a significantly greater understanding of new cultures, unfamiliar environments, and region-specific health conditions that they may have never been exposed to otherwise.These skills can serve to make any nurse a more effective health care worker, regardless of where they decide to call their home. And isn’t that really what all nurses strive for?Author bio:Jennifer Clarke is a financial adviser with more than 4 years of experience in the healthcare area. Besides her day-time job, she writes for Healthcaresalariesguide, a website created as an alternative resource for everyone who seek information on healthcare finances.

Tips to Write a Good Rhetorical Essay

Tips to Write a Good Rhetorical Essay Rhetorical Paper Writing Tips Are you looking for an easy way to start a rhetorical paper and make it brilliant? You are reading the right article. This type of assignment is becoming popular in higher educational establishments especially in colleges. The main idea of the paper is to provide students’ opinion after analyzing specific books, TV programs, works of art, etc. The task looks rather engaging and interesting. The only problem is that a few students really know how to get started to make it work. This is where our writing tips may come in handy. At least, you will have a clear understanding of how to write a rhetorical paper from scratch. What is a rhetorical essay? As it was mentioned above, a rhetorical essay describes a TV show, specific book or article in a special manner. Before you start writing, you need to define your reading audience in order to choose a proper language and writing style. The fundamental components of this essay type include: The Author; The Target Audience; The Message. Always consider the above-mentioned elements before getting started with the rhetorical essay. Now, let’s get closer to the paper itself as well as its structure. The structure of rhetorical essay As well as any other academic paper, rhetorical essay consists of several essential blocks. They are as follows: Introduction with all major points highlighted; Thesis Statement or Logos with evidence to support the main point of your paper; Ethnos to prove the credibility of a chose author; Pathos to review the way author uses his or her emotions. This part also includes the investigation of how the visuals appeal to the paper; The Conclusion to summarize the effect main arguments have on the target audience. To handle the above-mentioned points, you need to establish an in-depth rhetorical analysis using the following instruments: Identify the core argument and sum it up; Break the main argument into smaller pieces; Link those pieces to your thesis statement. A rhetorical essay should be written in a brief and sharp style. Avoid long sentences and make the paper easy to read. Formal language is the best bet for this type of an assignment. Despite all tips, writing this type of essay is extremely hard especially if you deal with it for the first time. Opting for professional academic assistance may be a good solution to the problem. You do not need to waste your time on exploring and researching the information. You get a flawless paper in time at a reasonable price.

The Life of Langston Hughes and his use of Religion, Rite of Passage, Research Paper

The Life of Langston Hughes and his use of Religion, Rite of Passage, and Family in his short stories - Research Paper Example Because of racism, he provided a remarkable authority on the black all through the US in the era referred to as the Harlem Renaissance. He was among the most inexhaustible and most recognized black poets of the renaissance. He was among the few that broke the barriers that several artists had achieved before. His articulation not only endorsed African American civilization, but also endeavoured to bring notice the predicament of African American anguishing from injustice and oppression (Baraceros, 118). In his book essay, salvation Hughes retells an experience concerning religion. He narrates that, he was salvaged from sin, when he was turning thirteen, but was not truly saved. This experience affected how he dealt with situations in religion in the future. The start of the story has a tone that excites the reader and makes them inquisitive and hopeful. However, eventually the tone disappoints the readers making them culpable and non-believers. A restoration that gains thrust for day s is a climatic flat line for Langston leaving him an agnostic. His aunt tells a curious Langston that, grand things will occur at revitalization, at the cathedral of his Auntie Reed. He is told that he will experience an incredible feeling within and will be delivered. Had this before from others and does not deem it right to question his aunt. He is hopeful that, at the revival, Jesus will call children. The children are called up, and he takes a pew on the bench waiting for Jesus to reveal himself. He waits for a long time, but Jesus never appears. There are only two children left on the bench and the other child decides he will meet Jesus to end things but a hopeful Langston waits (Baraceros, 234). Langston is disillusioned that Jesus did not come to assist him when all eyes were focused on him. This made to lie to his aunt that he had seen when he cried that night out of disappointment. He has heard several people older people discuss what happens when one goes to Jesus. This m ade to be hopeful, curios and excited, but at the end, the complete opposite is the outcome. These two extremes lead to Langston to be a non-believer. Another Hughes’ significant story is â€Å"Thank you Ma’m.† This story is about an elderly woman walking alone in the dark when suddenly a boy attempts to grab her purse. Nonetheless, during the effort, he loses his steadiness and slides on the pavement and the annoyed woman picks him up and teaches him a thorough lesson. She takes the boy to her home so that he could wash his face and have a pleasant e meal, before she hands him some money to buy blue suede shoes he has always wished for a long time. This story appears to be written around the 1930s when racism was a prodigious topic in the southern states, during those times numerous African Americans had problems looking for a job. During this period, many blacks had to fight for their freedom. From Rogers' perception, children went through a rough period as we ll during that era. He is dirty and frail and a street rogue. He depicts the life of many children of that time. Mrs Washington Jones, the elderly woman sympathises with Roger even though he tries to steal from her. She depicts a different side of the poor neighbourhood; a sturdy woman who depicts kindness to a stranger one would not expect her to be bothered. Many children in poor neighbourhoods had little to go home to,

Risk Factors for Colon Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Factors for Colon Cancer - Research Paper Example In most cases a combination of inhibitors is necessary to maximize the efficacy of the drug treatment. The possible side-effects associated with these drugs is still under investigation. Thus at present the prognosis for colon cancer associated with obesity has been found to be poor, however the combinational use of inhibitors could change the current prognosis. Keywords: colon cancer, obesity, insulin, adipokines According to recent surveys colon cancer is the third most commonly occurring cancer in males and second in the case of females associated with a mortality rate of 608,700 (Chen, 2012). About 1.2 million people are diagnosed with this type of cancer every year (Whitlock, Gill, Birch, & Karmali, 2012). There are many causative factors involved in the pathogenesis of colon cancer which include environmental factors such as a high-fat/ low-fiber dietary intake, genetic factors such as inherited or cellular genetic mutations, life style changes such as smoking, physical inactiv ity and obesity (Chen, 2012; Ma, Yang, Wang, Zhang, Shi, Zou, & Qin, 2013). Studies have shown a strong link between obesity and the incidence of colon cancer. Obesity, which is measured as the body mass index, is on a rise over the past few decades all over the world. The World Health Organization estimates show that about 10% of the world population is clinically obese (Whitlock, Gill, Birch, & Karmali, 2012). Obesity is associated with an increased risk of type II diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and heart disease. These conditions increase the serum levels of cancer risk factors such as insulin, insulin-like growth-factor 1 (IGF-1), leptin, interleukin-6, 17 (IL-6, IL-17), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and decreases serum levels of adiponectin which is considered to indirectly protect against cancer (Chen, 2012; Van Kruijsdijk, van der Wall, & Visseren, 2009). The role of insulin and IGF-1 in the carcinogenic process has been supported by clinical studies. These factors in turn activate multiple signal pathways which can induce tumor growth. For example increased secretion of insulin and IGF-1 stimulate cancer growth by binding to their specific receptors and activate pathways that inhibit apoptosis and stimulate cell proliferation. IGF-1 stimulates the proliferation of cells by activating the signal pathways phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Ras/Raf mitogen activated protein kinase systems and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathways (STAT 3). IGF-1 is also involved in cell migration and invasion which favors cancer progression and metastasis (Chen, 2012; Van Kruijsdijk, van der Wall, & Visseren, 2009; Frezza, Wachtel, & Chiriva-Internati, 2006). Adipose tissue dysfunction in obese individuals plays a major role in promoting carcinogenesis by affecting important biochemical mechanisms such as insulin resistance, and production of adipokines and cytokines involved in inflammation. An increased leptin level which is secret ed by the adipocytes in obese individuals is associated with the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. The leptin hormone is known to promote mitogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation and inhibit apoptosis (Van Kruijsdijk, van der Wall, & Visseren, 2009; Frezza, Wachtel, & Chiriva-Internati, 2006). Obesity is also associated with decreased levels of adipone

The Importance of Plot in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay

The Importance of Plot in William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily In â€Å"A Rose For Emily†, by William Faulkner, plot plays an important role in how the story is played out. Faulkner does not use chronological order in this short story. Instead, he uses an order that has many twists and turns. It appears to have no relevance while being read, but in turn, plays an important role in how the story is interpreted by the reader. Why does Faulkner present the plot of this story in this manner? How does it affect the reader? What does the convoluted plot presentation do to this story? How might the story be different if the plot was presented in chronological order? These are a few questions that have come to my attention while reading this story. I would like to give my opinion on this backed by evidence from the story itself. First, why does Faulkner present the plot in the way that he does? There can be numerous answers to this question, but I have narrowed it down to one simple answer. He presented the story in this way in order to keep the reader guessing and to also provide some sort of suspense. By Faulkner telling the story in the way that he does, the reader has no way of knowing what might be coming up next in the story. The last thing that a reader wants to do is read a boring story that is easy to predict. Faulkner keeps the reader from knowing what might happen next by not placing the events in the actual order that they occurred. He goes back and forth throughout Miss Emily’s life. At the introduction and conclusion of the story, she is dead, while the body consists of the times when she was alive. The body of the story also jumps back and forth throughout Miss Emily’s life. Faulkner brilliantly divided the story into five key parts, all taking place at some key period in her life. These parts are prime examples of how Faulkner jumps back and forth throughout Emily’s lifetime. Part one begins with Emily’s funeral while part two begins â€Å"thirty years before†, â€Å"two years after her fathers death and a short time after her sweetheart†, Homer Barron. (93) Part three begins with her meeting Homer. This is interesting because the part before takes place after he dies. This also shows how Faulkner keeps one guessing with his unorthodox plot order. The next part talks of how Emily is planning to supposedly kill herself. It tells of how she buys the... ..., Homer’s arrival, the purchase of poison, Homer’s disappearance, the develop of the odor, the alderman’s visit, and the arrival of Emily’s relatives. There are no real interesting points when the story is told in this manner. On the other hand, the way that it is told with the remit of taxes being first, then, the Alderman’s visit, Emily’s father’s death, Homer’s disappearance, the develop of the odor, Homer’s arrival in town, the purchase of the poison, and the arrival of Emily’s relatives, makes it the great story that it is today. So, without a doubt, this story would be a lot worse off if it were told chronologically. These are a few reasons why Faulkner’s use of plot in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† makes it such a great story. Maybe this composition will help one better understand why he presented the plot the way that he did. How it affected the reader. What the convoluted presentation did to the story and how the story would be worse off if the story was told chronologically instead of how Faulkner presented it. Works Cited Faulkner, William. "A Rose for Emily." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Shorter 5th ed. Ed. R.V.Cassill. New York: W.W. Norton & Comp., 1995. The Importance of Plot in William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily Essay The Importance of Plot in William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily In â€Å"A Rose For Emily†, by William Faulkner, plot plays an important role in how the story is played out. Faulkner does not use chronological order in this short story. Instead, he uses an order that has many twists and turns. It appears to have no relevance while being read, but in turn, plays an important role in how the story is interpreted by the reader. Why does Faulkner present the plot of this story in this manner? How does it affect the reader? What does the convoluted plot presentation do to this story? How might the story be different if the plot was presented in chronological order? These are a few questions that have come to my attention while reading this story. I would like to give my opinion on this backed by evidence from the story itself. First, why does Faulkner present the plot in the way that he does? There can be numerous answers to this question, but I have narrowed it down to one simple answer. He presented the story in this way in order to keep the reader guessing and to also provide some sort of suspense. By Faulkner telling the story in the way that he does, the reader has no way of knowing what might be coming up next in the story. The last thing that a reader wants to do is read a boring story that is easy to predict. Faulkner keeps the reader from knowing what might happen next by not placing the events in the actual order that they occurred. He goes back and forth throughout Miss Emily’s life. At the introduction and conclusion of the story, she is dead, while the body consists of the times when she was alive. The body of the story also jumps back and forth throughout Miss Emily’s life. Faulkner brilliantly divided the story into five key parts, all taking place at some key period in her life. These parts are prime examples of how Faulkner jumps back and forth throughout Emily’s lifetime. Part one begins with Emily’s funeral while part two begins â€Å"thirty years before†, â€Å"two years after her fathers death and a short time after her sweetheart†, Homer Barron. (93) Part three begins with her meeting Homer. This is interesting because the part before takes place after he dies. This also shows how Faulkner keeps one guessing with his unorthodox plot order. The next part talks of how Emily is planning to supposedly kill herself. It tells of how she buys the... ..., Homer’s arrival, the purchase of poison, Homer’s disappearance, the develop of the odor, the alderman’s visit, and the arrival of Emily’s relatives. There are no real interesting points when the story is told in this manner. On the other hand, the way that it is told with the remit of taxes being first, then, the Alderman’s visit, Emily’s father’s death, Homer’s disappearance, the develop of the odor, Homer’s arrival in town, the purchase of the poison, and the arrival of Emily’s relatives, makes it the great story that it is today. So, without a doubt, this story would be a lot worse off if it were told chronologically. These are a few reasons why Faulkner’s use of plot in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† makes it such a great story. Maybe this composition will help one better understand why he presented the plot the way that he did. How it affected the reader. What the convoluted presentation did to the story and how the story would be worse off if the story was told chronologically instead of how Faulkner presented it. Works Cited Faulkner, William. "A Rose for Emily." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Shorter 5th ed. Ed. R.V.Cassill. New York: W.W. Norton & Comp., 1995.

Professional Identity of Michelin Star Restaurants Chefs

Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs 4th GRC 2012 School of Hospitality and Tourism At Taylor’s Graduate School Petaling Jaya Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs Master in International Hospitality Management By Benjamin Gouet 2012 Benjamin Gouet 1 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefsGeneral Introduction Since couple of years, the culinary world and the job of chef have taken another dimension with regard to the public opinion due to the emergence of many culinary and chef television show all over the word. Indeed before this new culinary trend on TV, the catering industry and in particular the professional kitchen did not benefit of one attractive label under the public opinion view, the kitchen was even pointed out and condemned for its rough working environment, particularly the Michelin stars restaurant.Why this sudden advent of the professional kitchen world promotion, and the job of chef since the last 10 years, especially that michelin star restaurant chef, then that this field was totally denigrated and forgotten previously. Is that a fad? What is the message sent behind this promotion? Is that a broad international promotional campaign in order to regild the blazon of chef? Or a vast indirect recruitment campaign, in one sector where the manpower is sorely lacking? Or probably more both, because of the unpopularity of this industry, vacant positions are numerous and manpower unceasingly sought.But, first of all what we know exactly about chef occupation itself? What do we know about the Michelin star restaurant world and their Chefs ? Can we define them precisely? Do we know chefs indentity in Michelin star restaurant? And what about the profession of Michelin star Chef, which is not a new trend on the contrary of TV's s hows, but is mostly forgotten or hidden, therefore that seems an important reflexion which be highlighted in order to better understanding on the world of Michelin star chef. Benjamin Gouet 2 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefsThe work of chef, has always existed because of its peculiarity to meet a primary need: to feed, and this occupation has crossed the times which it has forged its identity and its culture. Therefore, what we know about the historical past of chef profession? The job of chef has it conserved any marks or habits of its historical background? And if it is the case, why? Finally, very few researches and studies have been undertaken regarding the metier of chefs in itself, and more specifically in Michelin star restaurant field.Therefore it seems really interesting to look into this field, the world of Michelin star restaurant Chefs and their indentities, whose the public opinion didn't kn ow much about this profession. except the little part seen during the TV's shows, but is that the reality ? Benjamin Gouet 3 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs I. Introduction The profession of chef, has always existed because of its peculiarity to meet a primary need: to feed, and this occupation has crossed the times which it has forged its identity.But this profession has been promoted there is only a decade ago especially through all the media whose one in particular the TV. The metier of chef was previously poorly considered by the public opinion. , because of its poor image and reputation made during the past. However, the job of chef have several faces according to the type of cuisine produced. Indeed the profession itself varies highly according to whether the chef works in collectivity kitchen, a traditional restaurant, a theme restaurant or a michelin star restaurant, which all don't have the sam e vision and mission in terms of business.Therefore the occupation of chef as its identity are not same according to the the type of catering business developped. Here the study will be focused only one type of catering business, the Michelin star restaurants, which are still yet not really known by the opinion and the researchers, despite their mediatitation through their famous and well known Chef, which shows only one aspect of the this type of catering: excellence.Therefore the research will be conducted with only michelin star restaurant with aim to to focus on the identity of their chefs, which seems pretty different than a chef who works in collectivity kitchen or theme restaurant for instance. Indeed the michelin star are highly promoted since the 2000's especially through TV shows (culinary shows, culinary challenges, chefs competitions,†¦ ), whereas they have been in shadow during several decades, except few worldwide famous chefs as: Paul Bocuse, AlainBenjamin Gouet 4 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs Ducasse, Joel Robuchon or Gordon Ramsay due to their exceptional success and achievements. Despite this advent since the 2000's towards the Michelin star chefs the public opinion as well the researchers don't know about this type of chefs except what is seen and on shown on TV but is that really the thruth and the reality ? We are entitled to ask us.Thus, due to the weak number of researches and investigation therefore a poor data regarding the profession of chef, especially that of Michelin star chef, the gap of knowledge seems wide and broad. 1. Project background The author has chosen the culinary field, especially the chefs in Michelin star restaurants, due to its professional background in gastronomic and starred restaurants as chef, as well as his passion for the metier of chef, gastronomy and Michelin star restaurants.The idea to pursuing the topic of the profess ion of chef and its identiy, in Michelin star restaurants, came up after a research done on the topic of the bullying in profesionnal kitchens, where one article pointed out the behavior of the head chef in one Michelin star restaurant but without any explanations regarding the identity or even the precepts of the metier of chef in this type of restaurant.Therefore the author started to do some researches regarding this topic, indentity of starred chefs, and he didn't find much aticles, investigation or any literature on it's same topic, whereas couple of articles have been published on the stress, heat-mentoring or bullying in profesionnal, and this without know the indentity, the culture or the precepts of the starred chefs. The researcher decided to do its study on this topic in aim to gain a better understanding on the job of chef in michelin star restaurant and to highlight their identity which may be different from a chef in traditional restuarant.Benjamin Gouet 5 Chef in Mich elin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs One other option was possible for the author, the profession of chef with its precepts its culture and identity, but after couple of research the topic appeared too broad and wide, therefore the researcher decided to reduce the topic to the identity of chef and only in Michelin star restaurant. Why only Michelin star restaurant ?Because due to the high interest of the author towards gastronomic and starred restaurant, it more clear in trems of data to use starred restaurant which are awarded by the internationally and worldwide recognized Michelin Guide. 2. Aims, objectives and professional & scentific stakes of the research This research will be carried out in the field of the gastronomy. More specifically on one aspect of the gastronomy: the starred chefs. Indeed this study lean over starred Chefs with the view to highlight their identity.The culinary field, in particular the kitch en and chefs have always been not well known from the professional world and researchers even highly criticized sometimes over the past, and despite this studies, investigations and researches towards the profesionnal kitchen and chefs are not numerous, therefore the gap of knowledges is broad and wide. The type of research conduct here is an exploratory research because only a lsmall quantity of information and data exist already on the topic of identity of starred chefs.The goal of this study is to increase the understanding of this topic. The objectives of this research are various and have been defined as clearly beforehand, are as follows: ? To highlight the world of Michelin star restauarnt ? To increase the understanding towards the starred gastronomy Benjamin Gouet 6 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs ? To find out the indentity of starred chefs ? To increase the understanding towards the professio n of chefsm espcially in Michelin star restaurant ?To find out why and how become a starred chef ? To find out is there is any relationship between the metier of starred chef and the passion These six aims are all towards the same main goal which is to increase the understanding of the profession and the identity of starred Chefs. The field undertaken for this research is the sociology, especially the sociology of profession. Here are the questions/resarches/issues of the study: ? The profession/metier of Chef in Michelin star restaurant ?Differences and requirements between a Chef in michelin star and a classical chef ? Is it a vocation to be a Chef in Michelin star restaurant ? What are the factors or turning ponts which make a cook to become a Michelin star aChef ? Are there any relationship between: the metier of Michelin star chef and the passion the profession of the Michelin star chef and the personal background (fornation, training, experience, education) the prestige and th e metier of chef the profesionnal expectations/career and the metier of Michelin star Chef ?Does the profession of Michelin star Chef is an ideology ? Benjamin Gouet 7 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs The hypotheses to meet the issues: ? The profession of Michelin star Chef is a vocation ? Before being a profession Michelin star chef is a passion of gastronomy/cooking ? The personal background (formation, experience, training, education) influence in the choice to be a Michelin star Chef, as the turnings points in life ?The Michelin satr Chef looking for the prestige and the recognization through the Michelin stars ? The remuneration is note the leitmotiv of the porfession of Michelin star chef ? The metier of Michelien stars chefs require the exigency, the precise, to be meticulous and have the sens of detail, more than anyone 3. Structure of dissertation The dissertation is organized in six ordinate an d distinct parts which are articulate in that way: 1. Introdcution 2. Literature review 3. Problematization and methological review 4. Presentation of the results 5.From the results to recommendations 6. Conclusion Benjamin Gouet 8 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs II. Literature review The topic selected for this dissertation is undertaken through the sociology field in particular that regarding the professions and metiers, due to its topic oriented to to the social sciences which is focused on the profession of chefs in Michelin star restaurants, especially on the identities of these chefs through their jobs.According to Oxford Dictionary the identity is defined as the fact of being who or what a person is, and the characteristics determining who or what a person is. Palmer, C. , Cooper, J. and Burns, P. (2010) state that from a theoretical perspective the notion of identity has generated much discussio n and debate linked to a variety of approaches and disciplines, for example psychoanalysis, literary criticism and theory, lesbian and gay studies, sociology, anthropology and psychology. However, identity is more than a set of theoretical propositions it is above all a lived experience for the individual concerned (Palmer, 1998).Zarca (1988) stipulate that the metier is a group culture, it is transmitted from generation to generation through learning. It has gestures and language that are part of the body and assign a framework, whose edges are not seen as such in the constitution of the identity of any entran andt it articulates various status. While the Oxford Dictionary defined the profession or the metier as a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification. Furthermore in this study the author looks into he professional identity which is an aspect of personal and social identity that develops in professional personnel as a result of their work activities. Benjamin Gouet 9 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs Moreover Sundin, O. & Hedman, J. (1996) Theory of professions, together with the concepts of cognitive authority, occupational identity and information interest, contributes to a deeper understanding of issues concerning how practitioners’ information behavior is formed, maintained and mediated in society.The occupation of chef has always held a seat in our society since hundreds and hundreds years, but the literature regarding the identity and the culture of this profession is not plethoric, therefore researchers cannot define precisely when the work of chef appeared for the first time even if they have knowledge’s of two case, one in the Ancient Greece and one in the Roman Antiquity. The oldest famous chef known to date is the French Guillaume Tirel alias Taillevent from the 14th century.Couple of authors as: Civitel lo (2011), Symons (2003), Pastson-Williams (1993), discuss about cooking and chefs history. Some paper trail from the 17th century, have highlighted that cook was considered as a profession, Mac Con Iomaire (2008) states that ‘Crespin (1641:14-16) cited in Wheaton (1983:110-11) describes the lively social life in kitchens: full of love affairs, good dining-at their masters expense-and camaraderie where the staff covered for one another. Some culinary professionals, however, took their positions very seriously’.Here for the historical past, now look to the present, and what has been done on the topic. Regarding the previous researches which have been done on the identity and culture of chef topic, Cameron (2001), states that ‘Existing research evidence demonstrates several points of agreement about the occupational culture of chefs. Chefs through their craft and tradition tend to possess a strong self-identity. Although something of a stereotype, there is evidence that chefs can be temperamental hould traditional value systems be challenged, particularly where such challenges undermine self-perceptions of professionalism’ and suggests as well ‘Cultural identity belongs not principally to the organisation but to the occupation in terms of Benjamin Gouet 10 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs ‘concepts, judgments, ideas and norms, which are shared by a group of people’ (Hofmaier, 1980). Values, beliefs and practices become specific to their profession (Chivers, 1973; Fine, 1996).The implication of cosmopolitan occupational values is that the occupation builds degrees of autonomy from the stringent rules and polices set by the organisation’. However, Palmer,Cooper and Burns (2010) suggest that ‘identity is more than a set of theoretical propositions it is above all a lived experience for the individual concerned (Palmer, 1998)†™. While, more scientific Tajfel (1972) stipulate that ‘social identification can refer to the process of locating a person within a system of social categorizations or to any social categorizations used by a person to define himself or others.It will be used in the latter sense here and thus denotes and element of cognitive structure. ’ As regards the organization of one professional kitchen, which is also a part of the study under the main research, Mac Con Iomaire (2008) suggests that ‘Kitchens are hierarchical organisations and are run on authoritarian precepts. The word chef means chief, and there can only be one chief in a Kitchen’, which demonstrate that the organizational structure is essential in one professional kitchen, together with the importance accorded to the hierarchy by organization itself, the chefs.Palmer, Cooper and Burns (2010) stipulate that ‘the world of professional chefs and their kitchens remained largely secluded until th e emergence of the phenomenon of celebrity chefs whose open kitchens revealed the previously secret â€Å"backstage† (Goffman, 1959) of professional cooking. While this media-generated interest has been accompanied by fascinating biographical accounts of being a chef (Bourdain, 2001; Ramsay, 2006; White, 2006; Wright, 2006) and of the restaurant business (Parkinson and Green, 2001) it has not translated into a significant body of academic literature on and studies of chefs. which highlight the lacking of literature and research towards the occupation of chefs and its attributes. Benjamin Gouet 11 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs However several authors as: Andrew F (2005), Civitello (2011), Dixon (2002), Fine (2008), and the famous Chef Bourdain (2001) discuss and debate on the world of chefs and its specific aspects.Furthermore various other related studies have been conducted include those by Ca meron (2001, 2004), Cameron et al (1999), Chivers (1972, 1973), Fine (1990) Johns and Menzel (1999), Mac Con Iomaire (2008),), Murray-Gibbons and Gibbons (2007), Palmer, Cooper and Burns (2010), Pratten (2003a, 2003b). Finally Palmer, Cooper and Burns (2010) states that ‘research on chefs and identity has been carried out in North America by Fine (1987,1996a, 1996b) and is significant in terms of the sociological structures inherent in what Fine refers to as the â€Å"occupational rhetorics† of work and identity (1996a)’.Benjamin Gouet 12 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs III. Problematization and methological review The study has to aim to meet to six hypotheses which are: ? The profession of Michelin star Chef is a vocation ? Before being a profession Michelin star chef is a passion of gastronomy/cooking ? The personal background (formation, experience, training, education) influence in the choice to be a Michelin star Chef, as the turnings points in life ?The Michelin satr Chef looking for the prestige and the recognization through the Michelin stars ? The remuneration is note the leitmotiv of the porfession of Michelin star chef ? The metier of Michelien stars chefs require the exigency, the precise, to be meticulous and have the sens of detail, more than anyone Therefore the type of research conduct here is an exploratory research because only a little quantity of information and data exist already on the topic selected: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurant chefs.The goal of this study is to increase the understanding of this topic. Qualitative method will be used for this research, in beginning from the observation/description/data collection, towards analysis then to the explanation, which will be an inductive approach conduct here. The qualitative method has been chosen because it provides a rich amount of information gathered from the respon dents, which is essential for this study related to social science which analyse various aspect of the human behaviour.Moreover, in-depth interviews has been selected as the only research tool here, because this method is really useful for discovering complex interconnections in social relationships Benjamin Gouet 13 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs which is the case here for this research, furthermore the possibility that provides it to discover issues or new aspects not considered previously, is really interesting here, because the interviewee may expand the topic and add depth.Besides a letter requesting participation in the research with will be sent by mail and also email to all the Head-Chef selected beforehand, this with an explanatory letter of the conduct study and its aims, in addition to a consent form which will be provided as well during the sending. At least fifteen to twenty French Head-Ch ef from Michelin-Starred restaurant will be interviewed, in France and United Kingdom, mainly in Paris and London. The exact number of interviews will depend of the agreement or not of the respondents, and their availabilities to make an interview.The interviews will be structured around several themes linked to the issues researched and the specific questions are designed to explore these themes: the identity of starred chefs being the main topic of the dissertation. These interviews will be conducted through a interview template which include relevant question amd the way to process during the interviews, and this for the chefs interviewed. Furthermore, at the end of each interview, it will be asked to the participant whether he is agree that his name and business be identified to the tape recording and to the use of the data collected for academic purposes.Otherwise, anonymity will be maintained in terms of the attribution of specific comments to individual chefs. All the informa tion and data provide by the interview (tape recording and transcripts of interviews) will be retained in confidential secure storage during five years and will be destroyed beyond the fifth year. Finally this research will be undertaken an ethical manner, all the points in respect of others as ethical will be thoroughly followed and respected, including through a information sheet Benjamin Gouet 14 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs nd a consent sheet also for the participants, which both have been elaborated and approved by the Ethics Committee at Taylor’s University, together with the examination beforehand, of the validity and the acceptability of the research, by the tutor. Benjamin Gouet 15 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs Bibliography and References Abbott, A. D. (1988). The system of professions: an essay on the division of expert labor, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Andrew F, C. (2005), The Cooks, Virtualbookworm Publishing. Bourdain, A. 2001), Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly, Bloomsbury, London. Cameron, D. S. (2001), â€Å"Chefs and occupational culture in a hotel chain: A grid-group analysis†, Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 3, pp. 103-14. Cameron, D. S. (2004), Organizational and Occupational Commitment: Exploring Chefs from a Cultural Perspective, Ph. D. thesis, University of Surrey. Cameron, D. S. , J. Gore, T. Desombre and M. J. Riley (1999), â€Å"An examination of the reciprocal affects of occupation culture and organization culture: The case of chefs in hotels†, International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 8, pp. 225-34. Chapoulie, J. M. (1973), Sur l'analyse sociologique des groupes professionnels, Revue Francaise de Sociologie, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 86-114. Chivers, T. S. (1972), Chefs and Cooks. Ph. D. thesi s, University of London. Civitello, L. (2011), Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People, John Wiley & Sons. Dixon, J. (2002), The Changing Chicken: Chooks, Cooks and Culinary Culture, UNSW Press. Dubar, C. (2010), La socialisation: Construction des identites sociales et professionnelles, Armand Colin. Benjamin Gouet 16Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs Dubar, C. (1998), Trajectoires sociales et formes identitaires: Clarifications conceptuelles, Priptemps. Dubar, C. & Tripier, P. (2011), Sociologie des professions, Armand Colin. Fine, G. A. (1987), â€Å"Working cooks: The dynamics of professional kitchens†, Current Research on Work and Occupations, vol. 4, pp. 141-58. Fine G. A. (1996a), â€Å"Justifying work: Occupational rhetorics as resources in restaurant kitchens†, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 1, pp. 90-115. Fine G. A. (1996b), Kitchens: The Culture of Restaurant Work, University of, California Press, Berkeley. Hotho, S. (2008), Professional identity – product of structure, product of choice: Linking changing professional identity and changing professions, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 21, issue 6, pp. 721-742. Johns, N. & P. J. Menzel (1999), â€Å"â€Å"If you can’t stand the heat! †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Kitchen violence and culinary art†, International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 18, pp. 99-109. Mac Con Iomaire, M. 2008), â€Å"Understanding the Heat—Mentoring: A Model for Nurturing Culinary Talent†, Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, vol. 6, pp. 43-62. Macdonald, K. M. (1995), The Sociology of the Professions, Sage Publications. Menger, P. M. (2003), Les professions et leurs sociologies, Editions MSH. Murray-Gibbons, R. and Gibbons, C. (2007), â€Å"Occupational stress in the chef profession†, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 19, pp. 32 -42. Neirinck, E. & Poulain, J. P. (1988), Histoire de la cuisine et des cuisiniers: techniques culinaires et pratiques de table, en France, du Moyen-Age a nos jours, J.Lanore. Benjamin Gouet 17 Chef in Michelin star restaurant more than a profesion: Professional identity of Michelin star restaurants chefs Ottenbacher, M. & Harrington, R. J. (2007), The innovation development process of Michelinstarred chefs, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 19, issue 6, pp 444-460. Palmer, C. , Cooper, J. and Burns, P. (2010), Culture, identity, and belonging in the ‘‘culinary underbelly’’, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 4, pp. 311? 26. Patson-Williams, S. 1993),The art of dining: a history of cooking & eating, National Trust. Pratten, J. D. (2003a), â€Å"The training and retention of chefs†, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 15, issue 4, pp. 237-42. Pratten , J. D. (2003b), â€Å"What makes a great chef? †, British Food Journal, vol. 105, issue 7, pp. 454-459. Rambourg, P. (2010), Histoire de la cuisine et de la gastronomie francaises, Librairie Academique Perrin. Ruhlman,M. (2007), The Reach of a Chef: Professional Cooks in the Age of Celebrity ,Penguin Books. Ruhlman,M. 2001), The Soul of a Chef: The Journey Toward Perfection, Penguin Books. Sundin, O. & Hedman, J. (1996), Theory of professions and occupational identities, The Swedish School of Library and Information Science. Symons, M. (2003), A History of Cooks and Cooking, University of Illinois Press. Workman, A. & Pickard, J. (2008), Professional Identity in Multi-Disciplinary Teams: The Staff Speak, Journal of Integrated Care,vol. 16, issue 3, pp29-37. Zarca, B. (1988), Identite de metier et identite artisanale, Revue Francaise de Sociologie, vol. 29, issue 2, pp. 247-273. Benjamin Gouet 18

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