What Our Homes Tell Us Essays - Thirteen Colonies, Chesapeake

What Our Homes Tell Us What Our Homes Tell Us Our nation was built on ideals of freedom and prosperity for those settlers who wished to journey to a new land. Part of that prosperity was in preparing a home for themselves and their families. Homes tell rich stories about society and the values and principles within that society. The hovel-to-house home patterns that exist in the early stages of our historical development show the regional and social differences between the people settling the Americas. In studying the housing of our ancestors we can discover what types of resources were available at the time, the priorities of the time, family make-ups, permanence of people, and what type of skilled workers were available within a geographic zone. We also can learn about the hardships that may have been endured. When studying the housing differences between colonial New England and the Chesapeake Bay region of our country we discover a sharp contrast in the time frame within which people built and made substantial dwellings for themselves and their families. The Chesapeake Bay region remained largely made up of shanties, lean-tos, and rough simple cabins for nearly one century as opposed to New England where by the 1680s many settlers had built strong dwellings of finished brick and timber. The reason for the differences between these two regions lies in the economics and family structures of the immigrants. In the Chesapeake region the men outnumbered the woman and disease killed many settlers in the area. Families were rendered unstable and stunted. The New England region, however, was rich with intact families that were hearty and healthy. Survival in New England was easier and the family unit was essential in strengthening the Puritans colonies. Also in the Chesapeake regions were the to bacco growers. A large stable dwelling was not the focus of their settlements. The number of slaves one could put to work and the amount of tobacco one could produce determined position in the Chesapeake area. A settler was much more likely to spend any extra money he had on a new slave rather than a more comfortable living environment. Families were a pieced together collage of widows, orphans, and stepchildren. This region was plagued with death and lack of permanence. Some historians argue that the south was also lazy and had not desire to build more permanent housing. It is also true that tobacco only thrived on fresh land so relocating was probably common among the tobacco growers of the Chesapeake area. New Englands puritan population was thriving. The accumulation of wealth and the stability of the family determined social status. The Puritans were after a Utopia in which the intact family played a large role. The goal of the Puritan settlements was a long and carefully thought out plan of purity and permanence. The puritans came with and intent of staying and thriving by any means possible. The Chesapeake Bay people came seeking immediate wealth and riches. The Puritans had many skilled artisans and a very productive work ethic. They believed that by working on their homes, families, town, etc., they were doing Gods work and they were closer to reaching their pure Utopia. The people of the Chesapeake had to economize any wealth toward the purchase of fieldhands. The Puritans were a self-sufficient society, which did not have slaves. The economy was not based on how many people were working the fields. As we analyze the housing in both these regions we see how large an effect the s ocial values and principles of a people can affect the quality of life of those people. Both these groups of people were seeking entirely different things from the Americas. Success came later for the people in the Chesapeake region because they had to emerge from a long period in which men outnumbered women and disease was rampant. Once these factors were under control and eliminated then the Chesapeake colonies began to see more permanence and less suffering. Families were able to grow and people were able to diversify and delve in industries other than tobacco. This region began building more substantial housing and dwellings after about 1720. New Englanders were permanently established and settled by this

pollution in the fox river essays

pollution in the fox river essays In Health Occupations Academy, students are offered numerous opportunities that outside students are not. One of them being the class Advanced Topics In Medical Science. In this class, students are exposed to debates and problems of the environment first semester, and health and medical issues second semester. Throughout first semester we engaged in multiple environmental issues, the biggest being water pollution. We started this unit by looking at frog deformities and the main cause of them. This led into the water pollution problem. We came across the issues of human pollution both chemically and physically. Mr. Lundquist introduced us to chemical testing first by going to the school's pond. Here we tested by only looking, not physically testing. We saw that the pond had an excessive amount of moss, meaning there were high phosphate levels in the water. This is caused by the lack of movement of the water and the fish's bowel movements, which produce phosphate. This experience ga ve us a taste of what the actual river walk was going to be like. During the time we were planning on doing our testing, there was a controversy between the Friends of the Fox and Fox Metro. The Friends of the Fox is a community formed group to protect the Fox River, and Fox Metro is Aurora's water treatment center. Friends of the Fox claim to have gotten much, much, higher levels of phosphate than Fox Metro had recorded. So we hoped that with our testing, we could find out ourselves which source had the right information We took a trip Students can make a difference! to where the Marina Valley Water Treatment Center effluent was found, then to the mouth of the Waubonsee Creek and the Fox River. Here we met Dr. David Horn and members of the Ecology Club from Aurora University. We split up into three different units. In one unit we did the actual testing on the Marina Valley effluent, then on the Waubonsee Creek water. In this unit we tested for ni...

Foreign Exchange Derivatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Foreign Exchange Derivatives - Essay Example Since mny derivtives involve cross-border trding, the derivtives mrket hs led to incresed interntionl finncil frgility nd the ttendnt need for greter suprntionl governnce of derivtives. To explore these themes, I will use monetry theory of production provided by institutionlist economic theory. From the outset, institutionlist nlyses of the economic process hve incorported the impct of monetry phenomen on the production of goods nd services. Thorstein Veblen distinguished between pecuniry nd industril employments, Wesley Mitchell between mking goods nd mking money, nd John R. Commons between rel nd finncil vlues. Wht ll sought to cpture ws dilecticl reltionship between money nd mteril flows. s Dudley Dillrd put it, under mrket cpitlism "the production of goods nd services by which we live is byproduct of the expecttion of businessmen to 'mke money'" [Dillrd 1987, 1623]. In institutionl nlysis, money is described s hving functions beyond tht of medium of exchnge. Money is core component of economizing behvior under mrket cpitlism becuse it serves s the numerire by which gin my be clculted in quntittive terms, n element essentil to wht Mx Weber clled cpitl ccounting, or Kpitlrechnung. Perhps the most importnt function of money in the mrket economy rises from wht Dillrd [1987, 1625] termed its chrcteristic s specil form of property. key feture of the use of property is the power to hold or withhold. Moneyholders hve the power to grnt or withhold ccess to their money cpitl, nd it is this bility tht provides one of the mens through which monetry flows my disrupt the production process nd thereby socil provisioning. Hymn Minsky's [1986] finncil instbility hypothesis furthers the nlysis of the dilecticl reltionship between the rel nd finncil sectors. For firm to purchse physicl cpitl ssets it must often issue debt. Unlike its fixed debt obligtions, the firm's expected income flow is subject to uncertinty. Income flow depends on the level of ggregte demnd in the economy, fll in ggregte demnd being likely to cuse decline in the firm's sles nd income from which it services its debt. Should ggregte demnd fll fr enough, the firm my fce insolvency nd the instbility cn spred throughout the finncil system. It is Minsky's contention tht incresed dependence on corporte debt s mens of finncing investment in physicl cpitl hs incresed the possibility of substntil defltionry pressures should there be mjor downturn in economic ctivity. To dte, the extensive intervention of the welfre stte hs prevented recurrences of the mssive defltion experienced during the Gret Depression. Fiscl policy hs mintined dequte levels of ggregte demnd while, s the result of monetry policy, firms hve been ble to refinnce their debt, rther thn liquidte rel cpitl ssets tht hve lost vlue through defltion. Hence, s Dillrd noted [1987, 1644], n irony identified by Minsky's nlysis is tht while privte sector debt hs been destbilizing, the growth of public sector debt hs hd stbilizing effect on the rel sector of modern economies. The monetry theory of production my be extended to n nlysis of the interntionl economy. Ntionl centrl bnks hve used their lender of lst resort cpcities to provide short-term liquidity to bnks involved in interntionl finncil mrkets. The Finncil Derivtives Mrket Finncil derivtives re finncil contrcts

Using the knowledge of Hillsborough disaster, how far the resignation Essay

Using the knowledge of Hillsborough disaster, how far the resignation of Norman Bettison was appropriate - Essay Example With numerous peoples reportedly climbing on fences, the crush barrier collapsed. Following the investigations, Duckenfield told higher authorities that the sudden destruction was caused by people who rushed at the congested area (The Independent, 2012, p. 1; Hall, 2012, p. 1) The Taylor report however pointed failure of police control as the main cause of such tragedy (The Independent, 2012, p. 1; Hall, 2012, p. 1) Background of the case The independent investigation was reopened last September 2012 which exonerated the liabilities of Liverpool fans and revealed the omissions made by authorities to cover up the incident, including the concealment and alteration of statements from 164 respondents (Hall, 2012, p. 1). Findings further concluded that of those 96 fatalities, 41 could have been saved if immediately brought to hospital for medication. The report further bared that the situation could have been forecasted from the vantage of the security monitoring control box where records of mounted CCTVs are managed (The Independent, 2012, p. 1; Hall, 2012, p. 1). Dismayed by the findings, West Yorkshire chief constable Norman Bettison tendered his resignation on October 24, 2012 but denied blaming the football fans for the tragedy (The Independent, 2012, p. 1; Hall, 2012, p. 1). ... 1). Police authority vice-chair Les Carter  likewise publicly announced that Bettison’s resignation was appropriate for the institution that is currently saving its image and its performance management from the controversies (The Independent, 2012, p. 1; Hall, 2012, p. 1). Total Security Management Police enforcers that are tasked to enforce security management should have been acculturated of its role as authorities that can readily assess the indicators of vulnerabilities, risks, and possible disasters with the massive influx of people in an area (Whetten & Cameron, 1991, p. 1-87). The police should also have cared undertaking strategic plan about how to manage the people and ensure their security and safety (Whetten & Cameron, 1991, p. 1-87). They could have also made some measures to control the crowd and have readied all medical supports at bay for any possible dangers that may befall (Whetten & Cameron, 1991, p. 1-87). With supposed strategic plan at hand, those deploy ed at the site could have prevented the occurrence of the incident or could have, at the minimum, efficiently mitigated the disaster risks (Whetten & Cameron, 1991, p. 1-87). Their roles should have been clarified and they should have geographically analysed the capacity of the venue. But apparently, the lack of unified, strategic, and (post-accident) pro-active response to the situation proved that they lacked the capacity to employ total security management in the area. True, the situation might have been overwhelming but as the case is brought into administrative investigation, the team should have faced it with professionally and honestly-- without concealing and omitting necessary information that could shed light to such tragedy (Mindtools, 2012, p. 1). They should have

Independent research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Independent research - Essay Example The credit cards involve much risk such as theft, fraud, misuse of personal information, etc. however these risks can be managed by paying just a little attention to once financial position and the purchasing power. The card holder must communicate his rights and obligations to the issuing authority which strengthens their relationship and reduces risks (Anderson & Schroder, 2010). Credit cards offered by the Banks Credit cards are offered by the Banks to their customers, through whom they can make payments for online products, in shops, products available with the telemarketers, for paying bills of hotels and resorts, for paying fare, etc. As indicated by name they are based upon the credit system, the user of the card would have to pay interest to the bank whenever he makes payments through the credit card. The issuer of the card is the Bank itself which allows the consumers a continuous balance of debt with the interest payments. The idea of a credit card was emerged somewhere in 1887. The concept of the modern credit card was based on the idea of merchant credit schemes which were used among the companies to make payments. Later the horizon of the card become wide and it became available to the local public. Initially these cards were made of celluloid plastic but these days mostly polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used. The credit card holder does not require having an account in the bank. Since the whole process revolves around the concept of credit therefore it is better to say that the card owner borrows some amount from the bank to make purchases which are later paid with an additional amount of interest. People often make purchases without considering their payback power that either they would be able to pay the credited amount to bank or not. Just in case if they are unable to pay their credits then they face the consequences of credit card debt. Whenever a purchase is made the card holder enters the personal identification number (PIN) on the basis of whi ch he will pay the Bank in future (Crouhy, Galai & Mark, 2010). Credit cards are often attached with lots of free goods and services that the consumers enjoy on their side whenever they make payments. These services are provided by the banks and different companies. For instance, if you use a credit card of the certain bank, then it will give you several transactional benefits and also easy payment methods. While on the other hand the companies give discounts or additional services to purchase their product. But to enjoy the extra services customers need to make purchases up to the required limit (Carrol, 2010). Now there are electronic devices available to check the balance and the purchasing power of the card holder instantly. The purchasing power of the card holder can also be analyzed by the security code printed on the card. This is usually done in online purchases or the one that are made over the telephone where the sales person verifies that either the customer is able to ma ke the payment or not. Every month the card holder receives a bill indicating all of his purchases and the final amount that he has to pay to the Bank. If the card holder is also having an account in the same bank then the unpaid balance is deducted from their otherwise he can choose to make the payment later with a late fee or additional interest amounts. Regulatory aspect of credit cards: In 2009, President Barrack Obama signed the credit card

Causes and Effects of Nuclear Energy

Causes and Effects of Nuclear Energy Energy is life, as life on this planet depends upon a fixed amount of energy (citation) . Modern industrialized energy sources, such as coal and petroleum, were originally utilized for their seeming promise of high energies yielded per unit volume. Now, there is a much cleaner source of energy, it is called Nuclear power. It originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission (The Nuclear Energy Institute (2012). Power plants use fission processes to generate heat for producing steam, which is used by a turbine to generate electricity (The Nuclear Energy Institute (2012). This electricity is consumed by people. This essay will firstly discuss the environment as for cause for nuclear energy, and then detail its subsequent negative biological and environmental effects. Para 1 (Benefits) To begin with there are many causes of nuclear power, but the key focus is that nuclear power does not emit carbon dioxide; it is reliable and is very efficient compared to other sources of power such as fossil fuel and coal. No carbon emissions this the big selling point to environmentalists about nuclear power plants are that they are said to emit almost no carbon dioxide. Some prominent environmentalists have embraced nuclear power because they see the imminent threat of global warming outweighing the potential threat of localized nuclear meltdowns. But how true is the claim. Reliability of nuclear power plants need little fuel, so they are less vulnerable to shortages because of strikes or natural disasters. International relations will have little effect on the supply of fuel to the reactors because uranium is evenly deposited around the globe. As stated by The Nuclear Energy Institute 2012 one disadvantage of uranium mining is that it leaves the residues from chemical processing of the ore, which leads to radon exposure to the public. Safety the results of a compromised reactor core can be disastrous, but the precautions that prevent this from happening prevent it well. Nuclear power is one the safest methods of producing energy. As stated by The Nuclear Energy Institute 2012 each year, 10,000 to 50,000 Americans die from respiratory diseases due to the burning of coal, and 300 are killed in mining and transportation accidents. Transition However, Nuclear Power Plants also have negative characteristic. Specifically, Nuclear Power Plants use uranium, one of the rarest elements in nature and a non-renewable source. Secondly, Nuclear power plants are also very expensive to build. Furthermore, failures in the cooling system can cause potentially hazarders steam explosions. Lastly, too much exposure to radiation can be fatal or cause cancer, and even exposure to small amounts radioactive waste can be lethal. Para2 On the other hand, nuclear power negatively effects the environment as it is a catalyst for the devastation of nature resulting from meltdowns and waste disposal. Meltdowns occur when there is a loss of coolant water in a fission reactor, the rods would overheat. The rods that contain the uranium fuel pellets would dissolve, leaving the fuel exposed. The temperature would increase with the lack of a cooling source. As stated by Apikyyan and Diamond 2009. When the fuel rods heat to 2800Â °C, the fuel would melt, and a white-hot molten mass would melt its way through the containment vessels to the ground below it. Thus would lead to grammar-rays being exposed in the air which travel, if any living thing around the radius of three hundred and twenty one kilometres would get affected. Waste Disposal the biggest stumbling block in support of nuclear power is the question of what to do with 20-30 tons of radioactive waste that each reactor accrues annually. Currently, waste is stored at nuclear plants across the country as new waste storage schemes are devised then fought over, scrapped, revised and fought over again. Stated by the daily green 2012.The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has said that waste can continue to be stored at plants almost 60 years after they shut down. Para3 The energy of nuclear detonation effects the environment in three ways, which are: blast radiation, nuclear radiation and thermal radiation. The distribution of radiation depends on the kind of nuclear weapon and the place of a blast. As stated by Weart (year) For a low altitude atmospheric detonation of a moderate sized weapon in the kiloton range, the energy is distributed roughly as follows: 50% as blast; 35% as thermal radiation; and 10% as residual nuclear radiation. The second main kind of nuclear weapon is based on the fusion reactions. Thanks to these reactions a large amount of energy is produced. These kinds of bombs can be several times more powerful than fission bombs. This is explained by the fact that the fusion reaction can produce a larger amount of energy per same mass. The bombs which are based on the use of fusion reaction are named hydrogen bombs, thermonuclear bombs or fusion bombs. Only several countries in the world possess this kind of nuclear weapon. The fiss ion mechanism is used in order to start the process of fusion in these kind of bombs, according to Rhodes When the fission bomb is detonated, gamma and X-rays emitted at the speed of light first compress the fusion fuel, then heat it to thermonuclear temperatures Conclusion To conclude the effects of nuclear power is to dangerous in the long term as it will affect the environment and the people. The danger caused by the use of nuclear energy is the main argument of the opponents of this use. At the present moment nuclear energy is one of the most dangerous and destructive energies in the world. Nobody can guarantee that it will be used only for peaceful goals. Distressing facts from our history, such as Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing or Chernobyl tragedy prove this. Antagonist of the nuclear energy use note that solar, wind or other renewable fuels are more effective and less dangerous types of fuels if to compare them with nuclear energy. References List Apikyyan, S Diamond, D. (2009). Nuclear Power and Energy Security. (1st ed)N.P. Springer Publishing. The daily green (2012). Nuclear Power, retrieved from http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/nuclear-power-pro-con#ixzz2CLcUCD4F The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) (2012). Retrieved from www.nei.org. Rhodes, Richard. (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster. U.S. Department of Energy (2012). Retrieved from www.nuclear.energy.gov/ Weart, Spencer R. 1988. Nuclear Fear: A History of Images. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Natural Resources Defense Council (2012). What if the Fukushima nuclear fallout crisis had happened here? Retrieved from )http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/fallout/ Nuclear Power and Energy Security edited by Samuel Apikyan, David Diamond World energy consumption has developed dramatically over the past few decades. This growth in energy demand will be driven by large increases in both economic growth and world population coupled with rising living standards in rapidly growing countries. This proceeding examines the status and future of nuclear power because of a belief that this technology is an important option for the regional and the world countries to meet the future energy needs without emitting carbon dioxide and other atmospheric pollutants. The objectives, addressed to government, industry, and academic leaders, discusses the interrelated technical, economic, environmental and political challenges facing a significant increase in the global nuclear power utilization over the next half century and what might be done to overcome those challenges. U.S. Department of Energy 2012. Electricity drives the U.S. economy. It powers our homes, offices, and industries; provides communications, entertainment, and medical services; powers computers, technology, and the Internet; and runs various forms of transportation. Electricity and the many technologies that it powers enhance the quality of life for our customers and contribute to the progress and success of our nation. Even as electric utilities and power suppliers work hard to meet the increasing demands of consumers, they are strongly committed to reducing the environmental impact of electric generation. As an industry, the electric power sector has implemented flexible and cost-effective voluntary programs to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for several years.

Areoplane Essay -- History, Inventions

Ratigan 1 The Airplane A cold breeze blows across the sand, and two men unknowingly about to make history. The men are Wilbur and Orville Wright. December 17, 1903 was the day and a mere five people were here to witness the historical feat(Brown 22). The invention of the airplane changed the way of life in many good ways but in bad ways as well. The Wright brothers were always interested in flight. As children their interest in flight was sparked by a toy rubber band helicopter their father gave them(Rinard 16). The boys attended a public school in Cedar Rapids( Brown, 20). Wilbur and Orville were the only members of their family who did not go to college( Brown 21). Instead the two of them opened a bicycle shop still keeping their interest in flight an understudy. The flight was not just a one day miracle. The brothers failed over fifty times, and never giving up trying everything possible until they finally their years of failure changed. The plane was not patented until January 22, 1904(Brown 22). First planes were far from high quality compared to planes of today. The propeller blades were made of wood and had a steel frame(Nahum 30). Yet to the technology of the time the invention was miraculous. Before this people could only be in the air for short limited time. Gliders and hot air balloons were the main way of flight. Many attempts had been made to fly with control somewhat like a bird. The Wright brothers plane gave the world the features of control and precision. The Wright brothers did not receive the instant fame which was definitely apparent. In fact many did not believe that the flight took place. Wilbur and Orville fin... ...the fastest plane the SR-71 flew at two thousand one hundred ninety three miles per hour(â€Å"Facts about Airplanes†). Passenger airlines The Airplane Ratigan 4 have affected the everyday person. By enabling them to fly from long areas instead of driving or riding in a train. The Boeing 737 weighs in at one hundred fifty thousands pounds(â€Å"Facts about Planes†). Boeing came about in 1970 and as made flying much more affordable(Nahum 35). Airplanes have through our history have changed the world. In so many good ways that can not be expressed in words, by bringing troops to safety to taking supplies to those in need. The worst is remembered the best like 9/11 or the planes that go down with passengers aboard. So many cases of bad experiences have occurred that maybe the world would be a better place without the airplane.

Homework Should Not Be Abolished Essay

School without homework is not an image I can fathom. There are many reasons homework should not be abolished as it is beneficial towards the student, allows the teacher to acknowledge the student’s weaknesses; in turn giving them an opportunity to improve and acquire new skills. Also, taking time each night to do homework is a chance for students to catch up on missed class and further reinforces the day’s lessons so it is permanently etched in the student’s mind where the information is stored and used when called upon. see more:why should homework be banned Several studies have proven that homework, in fact, does improve the stability of the student in school; this strengthens the statement that time spent completing homework is time well spent. Rather than giving students another hour of leisure time, doing homework entitles the student to an hour of enriched education; this can greatly benefit the student, as consistently finishing homework will reap great rewards such as a favorable test score or report card. Why are we posing such a ludicrous question about the possible abolishment of homework if doing homework is what it takes to succeed in school? It is a common emotion to students regarding the distaste of homework, but legions of teachers know better because they recognize the importance of homework in the success of students in school and outside of school. Not only homework benefit the student, it also benefits the teacher as well. Teachers receive the opportunity to see at what stage the student is by assigning homework. Furthermore, the teacher can identify the weaknesses of the student so they can improve their study habits in hopes of pulling their grades up. On the other hand, if teachers were to abandon the idea of homework altogether, they would have to base the majority of the student’s mark on tests alone.

Relationship of relationships Essay

Statistics on suicides show either positive or negative correlations with suicidal tendencies. There are then vulnerabilities but there are also mitigating circumstances or resistance to committing suicidal acts. Age level, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation and affiliations were found out to somehow relate to occurrence of suicide. The individual’s state of mind and history of mental illness are shown as factors to consider. To properly situate these findings, we therefore define the key elements of a synthesis from the three disciplines used in the study. We came up with the following: 1. There is a sort of an internal progression line and a parallel social time line The relationship between these two line is like lock and key, based on fitness but in a very dynamic setting subject to sudden â€Å"twists and turns† along the way of integration or its opposite alienation. The situation made more complex as social situations are not usually homogenous. Variation in individual progression may not be the same. Alienation then could continue with the social situation for the individual deteorating as well because of its regression into greater alienation. 2. Reason for living There are levels of ideation, fairness for example is simpler than being just and in the same manner looking at life as a skill of how to handle the complex of emotion and reasoning in relation to social information daily being processed and given the vulnerabilities, intervention could be crafted and social vectors who or which will carry it out properly identified, invited and oriented. The purpose is not really educational or mentoring but engagement in real life social situations. Gaining insights in preventing suicides Taking bits of wisdom from different disciplines affords a view of world against a new light and in concerns such as suicide; a fundamental realization of the value of life in contrast to losing the reason for living is of paramount importance. Combining psychology, sociology and religious perspective gave us this opportunity (Table 1). Table 1. Generated insights used in the study from the three disciplines Discipline Insights Psychology The perception of self could be more decisive than the nature of self as determinant of action. Perception is a product of cognition. Suicide is a form of self annihilation. Could be a product of â€Å"dark cognition† Sociology Group setting is integral in developing self. The value system is as fundamental as the relational in group or social networks. Suicide as a syndrome has social context, a form of conflict resolution which is acceptable in some cultures (Masada, Seppuku in Japanese culture). Religion The value of life is above life. The objective of life is purification. Suicide is a sin not on life but a sin of arrogance that life is for us to take. A continuing exploration on life There is that saying that life is always a search for completion and which forms one of the great motivations in human development. In the same vein, this effort is an exploration traversing perhaps what Kolberg’s describe as the higher stages. The integration of the different perspectives may not be perfect as each of the disciplines have their own attributes which could be taken as either strength or weaknesses (Table 2). Table 2. Strengths and weaknesses of the three disciplines used in this study Discipline Strengths Weaknesses Psychology Probes into the nature of self and will on human behavior including dark acts such as suicide. The apparent stand off in the nature and cognition Sociology Relates self and social processes of integration or alienation Unpredictability of human behavior or dynamic shifts. Social senses may not be keen enough and sensitive enough to notice risk situations or situations leading to suicides. Religion Externalization of the value and meaning of life. Morally grounded. Tendency to mystification of mundane and human nature.

Cultural Relativism or Ethical Imperialism Essays

Cultural Relativism or Ethical Imperialism Essays Cultural Relativism or Ethical Imperialism Paper Cultural Relativism or Ethical Imperialism Paper Edited by Claude E. Welch, Jr. Belmont Ca. : Duxbury Press, 1971. Shaw, William H. and Barry, Vincent. Moral Issues in Business, 7th Ed. Belmont CA. : Wadsworth, 1998. Stone, Walter J. Republic at Risk. Belmont CA: Wadsworth, 1990 Throneberg, Cathy with Harder, Cliff. â€Å"Bribery: Coming to terms with a moral dilemma. † Evangelical Missions Quarterly. Vol. 35, No. 1 (January 1999): 35-37. Versi, Anver. On corruption and corrupters. † African Business, (November 1996): 7. Vogl, Frank. â€Å"The supply side of global bribery. † Finance Development, Vol. 35, No. 2 (June 1998): 30-33. (20) Ward, Peter M. , Editor. Corruption, Development and Inequality: Soft Touch or Hard Graft? New York: Routledge, 1989. Weber, James, and Getz, Kathleen. â€Å"Buy Bribes or Bye-Bye Bribes: The Future Status of Bribery in International Commerce. † Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 14, Issue 4 (2004): 695-711. Wertheime r, Alan. Coercion. Princeton University Press, 1987. Wilkens, Steve. Beyond Bumper Sticker Ethics. Downers Grove, Il: IVP, 1995. (21) APPENDIX Notes on the Literature The objectives of this paper have been to analyze the morality of bribery and corruption and to help the Christian professional acquire the beginnings of wisdom in dealing with the challenges of this difficult ethical issue. The author hopes that many professors will be able to use this paper to incorporate a module on bribery and corruption into courses in ethics, international business, business policy, etc. It is hoped that some will even be motivated to extend this research and that the extensive reference list will be helpful in this regard. John Noonan? s voluminous work, Bribes, is the definitive Judeo-Christian analysis of the topic, and is recommended as a primary reference. Bernard Adeney offers an alternative Christian viewpoint which is rooted in praxis, relies heavily on the analytical frameworks of moral philosophy as opposed to Noonan? s more theological treatment, and reaches more relativistic and less deontological conclusions. DeGeorge and Donaldson are the two secular ethicists who have reflected most extensively on this topic in the international business context. Paolo Mauro? seminal research on the relationship between economic development and corruption in the mid 1990? s influenced the World Bank and IMF to become activists in the fight against corruption, and undoubtedly gave impetus to the increasing activism of the OECD. Gray and Kaufmann of the World Bank provide a helpful overview of the economic costs of corruption and its impact on economic development in their 1998 paper. The Weber and Getz pap er in Business Ethics Quarterly in late 2004 gives the best current review of the academic literature on bribery and of the status of the global efforts to curb bribery and corruption. One will quickly discover that the literature on the micro level (that is, directed at personal and organizational decision makers) tends to delineate the extent of bribery and analyze its morality rather than to offer any practical suggestions to the ethical individual or firm for coping with the reality of corruption in a fallen world. The works of Gesteland and DeGeorge cited in this paper are the rare exceptions that offer extremely helpful coping mechanisms illustrated by numerous cases. The academic literature, as elaborated below, focuses its attention on the macro policy initiatives which can be taken by governments and international trade and financial organizations. These macro considerations don? t offer much help to the company negotiating a transnational contract or to the mission organization seeking visas or government permits. For the most part I have observed that Christian organizations maintain a deafening silence on this topic even though international missions and humanitarian aid professionals obviously encounter excruciating pressures to bribe or submit to extortion as they pursue their missions. In this light Evangelical Missions Quarterly is to be commended for devoting its January 1999 issue to several provocative articles dealing with bribery. Those teaching classes in Auditing, Business Law, or Forensic Accounting and those concerned with compliance with current regulations regarding bribery will find two papers published in 2004 to be especially helpful. Johnstone, Brown and Wickizer provide a comprehensive review of the legislative response to bribery in the USA and UK including a fairly detailed description of applicable regulatory provisions. Herz and Larson explore the accounting and internal control (22) requirements of the FCPA for companies and discuss tools that internal auditors can use to assess and deal with the risk that illegal payments will be made by their organizations in connection with international activities. They advocate the use of the Bribe Payers Index (BPI) published by Transparency International. Finally, in view of the restricted focus of this paper as outlined above, let me point out that my references do not attempt to survey the extensive literature on bribery dealing with structural and cultural elements of causation on both the supply and demand sides of corruption nor the public policy initiatives which might help ameliorate the problem. The 2004 paper of Sanyal and Samanta would provide a sample of this class of literature and its list of references would provide a helpful starting point for further research. They conclude: â€Å"There is a strong positive correlation between countries where bribes taking is highly prevalent and those countries that are most likely to offer bribes. The propensity to give bribes is determined by economic factors such as per capita income and degree of economic freedom in the country, cultural factors such as power distance and masculinity, and legal-regulatory factors such as accounting and tax treatment of bribes† (Abstract). â€Å"Countries with high scores on power distance, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance are perceived to be more corrupt† (11). The paper by Janos Bertok, a functionary of OECD, provides another example of this literature. He outlines OECD initiatives in the fight against corruption with some specificity and argues for structural reform. â€Å"In OECD work on public sector ethics, corruption is seen as more than individual criminal actions, but rather the result of systematic failure and a management problem. This is manifested by lowquality legislation and by weak public institutions that do not enforce laws, and even more, fail to provide adequate control, oversight, and transparency† (Abstract). 9/6/05 (23)

Differences between Leadership and Management and Three Assignment

Differences between Leadership and Management and Three Characteristics of Each Concept - Assignment Example The paper tells that three main characteristics that go, to sum up, the position of manager are that they are impersonal, efficient and focus their attention and energy on the short-term results for the organization besides being efficient, orderly and open to taking risks. On the leadership front, the three chief characteristics they possess would be are flexibility, innovation and their objectives and strategies would focus on long-term goals. Though their goals may be the same, the marked difference is that leaders concern themselves with what things mean to people, while managers concern themselves about how to get people to make them perform better to achieve their goals. In the managerial cadre, there are different levels and the skills and responsibilities that go with it. Each level has its own purpose and goals to achieve or satisfy a particular level. However, all managers share common ground on certain things such as understanding their position and what is expected of the m, networking, keeping good interpersonal relationships and managing the time, demands and constraints of the activities going on in their level. Managers do play a very vital and pivotal role in the organization as they are the main link that ropes together the different people and their departments and holds it together as an integral whole. In today’s organizations, the post of manager is critical because each level needs skills and capacity to satisfy this position. Some of the different managerial levels include Supervising, Decision making and Planning, Monitoring, Controlling, Coordinating, Consulting, and Administering. Each of these levels comes with a job responsibility and accountability and unless their skills and capabilities are adequate enough for a particular level, it is not possible to make a success of it. ideas for making progress as a whole.

Comparing Wal-Mart in the U.S. and Unilever Company in U.K Essay

Comparing Wal-Mart in the U.S. and Unilever Company in U.K - Essay Example The two companies have similarities in their undertaking of the day to day functions and also in their formation. First is that both have their constitution in place that governs its operation. This helps the company not to act ultra vires which are an offense and the company could be held liable. Second is that both are legal corporations that are independent of its stakeholders and liable for any illegal activity. The company in both U.S and U.K are viewed as a legal person who can contract and be liable for any breach (LEIDEN UNIVERSITY & RICKFORD, 2003). The third is that both companies are multinational companies that have gone global in their operations. This has been made successful by the availability of good management structures within the companies that are able to embrace changes in technology hence gaining competitive advantage (TYSON, 1997). Next is that their major aim to maximize their profit be reducing cost and maximizing output in all their operations. Being able to develop from tiny companies to very large multinational companies is key evidence that they have been able to maximize their shareholder's wealth. Fifth is that they both have embraced different managerial styles from different scholars. For example, both companies have embraced the division and specialization of work within their companies. This includes different departments with employees who can perform the task involved more effective and efficient ways. In both companies, the major target is the consumers.